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I’m training a bunch of would-be, could-be pastors at Campus Bible Study, and it occured to me that I should figure out what it is exactly that I’m training them to become.
What does it mean to be a ‘pastor’ or an ‘overseer’ or a ‘gospel minister’? What is the purpose and nature of these roles? What makes for a good pastor?
Over the next little while in The Payneful Truth, I’m going to dig into these questions from a few different angles and see what we might unearth. In doing so, I won’t pretend for a minute that it will be a comprehensive (or even adequate) total picture of pastoral ministry and leadership. But I hope to achieve two things:
to give pastors and pastors-to-be some fresh or clarified thoughts about the nature and purpose of their work;
to help non-pastors in a number of ways: to encourage you to support, pray for and appreciate the work of your leaders; to have better expectations of what pastors are and do; and to understand more clearly how your own gospel ministry (and the gospel work of all Christians) relates to the work of pastors (hint: very closely!).
Where to begin?
I guess one way to start would be to look at the various titles that are given to ‘ministry leaders’ in the Bible and ask what those labels say about the role. We could look at ‘overseer’, ‘elder’, ‘shepherd’ (which is what ‘pastor’ means), ‘worker’ or ‘fellow-worker’ (a very common Pauline term for himself and his ministry colleagues), ‘leader’ (in Heb 13:7, 17), and possibly ‘man of God’ (in 1 Tim 3:17 and 6:11).
This word-study exercise would tell us something—for example that the role had something to do ‘watching over’ people (overseer), or that it related in some way to a shepherd looking after a ‘flock’ (pastor), or that it involved labour and toil (‘workman’), and so on. But as a way of understanding the nature of ‘pastoral leadership’ it would be a limiting and potentially misleading way to proceed. Which aspects of the ‘shepherd’ metaphor apply and which ones don’t and with what emphasis? Is ‘elder’ just about having authority as a mature person, or does the title require that the person is actually old?
Understanding pastoral leadership by focusing on the titles or labels would be like trying to understand doctoring by focusing on the words used to describe doctors—medico, general practitioner, surgeon, physician, clinician, quack, sawbones—and constructing a model of medical practice from the meaning and derivation and usage of those words.
In fact, I can see the journal article now:
The word ‘clinician’ comes from the Greek ‘kline’ meaning ‘bed’, and there are multiple instances in the literature of the ‘clinic’ word-group being associated with the practice of medicine as a ‘bed-side’ or ‘bed-ward’ or ‘bed-oriented’ activity. ‘Clinic’ is bed language. Clinical medicine is thus unavoidably bed-centric. To practice medicine is to ‘visit the bed’, and doctors today who see their patients at impersonal so-called ‘clinics’, far removed from the beds of their patients, have lost touch with the essential character of doctoring.
It would be funny if it wasn’t also a bit sad (because I have read many a theological article that argues in exactly this fashion).
Words are the building blocks of meaning, but they don’t convey meaning until they are assembled into sentences and paragraphs. We discover what ministry leadership is like—its nature and function and purpose—by looking at the sentences and paragraphs of the New Testament that describe its nature and purpose and function.
Like those in Acts 20, for example.
In this passage, Paul is giving the pastoral leaders of the Ephesian church an emotional pep talk before he leaves them for the final time. As he reminds them about what he has done in their midst, and what he now wants them to keep doing in his absence, we learn quite a bit about the role of these ‘elders’ and ‘overseers’ (both labels are used, seemingly interchangeably, in the passage).
In fact, one of the most famous books in Christian history about pastoring—Richard Baxter’s The Reformed Pastor (1656)—is based on an exposition of this passage, and in particular verse 28:
Take heed therefore to yourselves, and to all the flock, over which the Holy Ghost has made you overseers, to feed the church of God, which he hath purchased with his own blood. (KJV)
Baxter argues that the pastoral task basically consists of obeying the two commands in this verse: take heed to yourselves, and take heed to all the flock over which you have been made overseers.
If you’ve never read Baxter, or it’s been too long, it’s really worth the time (or if you’re short of time, see below for a cheat-sheet summary). His challenges about the essential need for the pastor to watch and ‘take heed’ of his own soul and character are bracing to say the least. (His section on ‘pride’ is a killer.)
But Baxter is famous for how seriously he took the second aspect of pastoral work, the ‘taking heed’ of the flock. In his view, this was impossible to do unless you took the time and labour to meet with parishioners personally and instruct them in the word. He regarded sermons as central and vital, but insisted that unless you also took the time to meet with each family in the parish, and instruct them, and answer their questions, and find out where they stood, and what their spiritual needs and dangers were, then there was no way you could fulfil your duty to ’take heed of all the flock’.
For Baxter, this was a matter of following Paul’s own example, which he was urging the Ephesians elders to follow: “I did not shrink from declaring to you anything that was profitable, and teaching you in public and from house to house” (Acts 20:20; cf. v 31 “I did not cease night or day to admonish every one with tears”).
Baxter had a whole system for this. He would set aside all day Tuesday and Wednesday each week and meet with families by appointment, hour by hour, for spiritual instruction. Astonishingly (to us at least), this allowed him to get through 15 or so families per week, and thus spend individual time with all 800 families in the parish at least once a year.
Whenever I have discussed Baxter’s approach with pastors, the conversation has very quickly turned to the impossibility of implementing his approach today. And that’s very likely correct—it was a very different context and time and place.
But the principle that Baxter was expounding is not so easily dismissed. The task of overseers/elders in Acts 20 involves watching, paying attention, guarding and ‘shepherding’ all the individual people over which you have been appointed (by the Holy Spirit!). In the passage, this not only flows from Paul’s own example and the need for them to continue in this work after his departure—it also particularly relates to the threats and dangers that the flock will inevitably experience (the "fierce wolves" that will come, and even from within their own number, in vv 29-30).
This is also a very common theme in the Pastoral epistles (which we will need to come to in our investigation of pastoral leadership)—that one of the important roles of elders and overseers is to guard the gospel itself, and the people to whom we preach it, from the various threats and dangers that will continually come. As the Book of Common Prayer summarizes the job of the presbyter in the Ordinal: “to drive away all false and strange doctrines that are contrary to God’s word; and to this end both publicly and privately to warn and encourage all within your care”.
The Christian life is a dangerous journey. We’re all under threat. Pastors are given the vital responsibility to ‘take heed’ of all their flock in light of these threats.
However, it’s not just pastors. God has also given us each other, as fellow-travellers and fellow-strugglers, to watch and warn and encourage each other to keep going. As a community, we are to ‘take care’ (or ‘watch out’) in case of any of us develop an evil, unbelieving heart that falls away from the living God, and to exhort one another daily to resist the hardening effects of sin (Heb 3:12-13). This is a vigilance that we all share in, for each other’s sake. We should all ‘watch out’ or ‘take heed’ for each other (cf. Gal 6:1-2).
In other words, the responsibility that ministry leaders have to ‘take heed’ to the flock is a focused and intensified version of the responsibility we all have for each other. The Thessalonians are urged to “respect those who labour among you and are over you in the Lord and admonish you”, but in the very next verse they are themselves urged to “admonish the idle, encourage the fainthearted, help the weak” (1 Thess 5:12-14).
This seems to me to be a repeated pattern with respect to elders, overseers and pastoral leaders generally. They are not a different class of Christian, nor do they do anything that all Christians don’t also do in some respect. We all teach and instruct and admonish each other, and we all seek to grow a character that reflects and expresses the teaching of the gospel. Those who ‘labour among us’ and are ‘over us in the Lord’ lead the whole community in doing this. They provide the capital T ‘Teaching’ that guards the gospel and provides the basis and boundaries for the mutual ‘speaking the truth in love’ that we all engage in. They exemplify the gospel character and life that flows out of that teaching. They are responsible to ‘take heed’ for the whole flock, and make sure that each person is guarded, protected, fed and so on. This is why ‘oversight’ is such a necessary, noble and important work, requiring a person of exemplary Christian character, and particular gifts (1 Tim 3:1-7; Titus 2:5-9).
The weakness in Baxter’s presentation is the lack of any real sense that ‘watching out’ for each other, and instructing and exhorting each other, is a task for the whole community—not just the overseer or the pastor.
However, the strength of Baxter’s writing is his insistence that it is the responsibility of the pastor/overseer ‘to take heed of all the flock’—to ensure that the whole church community, and each and every person in it, is known and instructed and guarded in the gospel. He reminds us that ministry is always and invariably about people—and not people considered as a general target for our preaching, but each precious, individual person for whom Christ died. (The four Ps somehow come to mind: Proclamation, Prayer, People, Perseverance.)
There are many practical and systemic questions to think through. If elders/overseers are responsible to take heed of every individual member of their flock, how is this to be organized and done? Can the responsibility be shared with others? Which others? Does the nature of biblical ‘pastoral oversight’ mean (as Baxter thought it did) that pastoring is unavoidably congregational?1 What of all the other kinds of full-time ministry that happens in and around churches today that are not specifically congregational in scope? And so on.
Some of these questions are situational, and we will come up with different legitimate answers. Some are issues of principle—and if I am brave enough I will come back to them in due course!
However, here’s one practical reflection to conclude. In many of the ministries I’ve been involved in over the years, an outworking of the Baxter principle has been for every church member to have the initials of an elder/overseer next to their name on the church roll. And it was the responsibility of that ministry leader to ‘take heed’ for that person—to know them, to know their struggles and issues, to be praying for them, to be taking active steps to ‘move them to the right’ (through a mix of their own personal conversation/meeting with them, and through their involvement in the various ministries of the church).
Does something like this happen where you are? How does the leadership team in your congregation ‘take heed of all the flock over which the Holy Ghost has made you overseers’?
PS
I put together a modern English, bullet-point summary of The Reformed Pastor for the trainees I’m working with. It’s a bit rough, but if you’d like to check it out you can.
You can also download a version of The Reformed Pastor if you’d like to read a lightly revised version of the text.
If you’d like to check out the partner edition of The Payneful Truth—the one that comes out every week—follow this link for a 60 day free trial.
Baxter writes: “…it is the will of God that every church should have its own pastor, and that all Christ’s disciples should know their teachers who are ‘over them in the Lord’”.
Take heed